Research Article
Crisis risk communication and public behavior: Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan
More Detail
1 Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad PAKISTAN* Corresponding Author
Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research, 8(2), June 2024, 43-53, https://doi.org/10.30935/mjosbr/14435
Submitted: 15 February 2024, Published Online: 04 April 2024, Published: 01 May 2024
OPEN ACCESS 1915 Views 1033 Downloads
ABSTRACT
This study underpins the crisis risk communication (CRC) theory, investigating the integral role of social media in Pakistan towards COVID-19, its influence on cognitive priming processes, and behavior regulation. Empirical findings reveal predominantly positive public sentiment toward preventive behaviors, with mask-wearing and sanitizer use widely embraced. However, the inclination to avoid gatherings with risk groups is comparatively lower. This collective adherence to preventive measures suggests a shared effort to curb COVID-19, influenced by factors like the perceived helpfulness of social media. The populace exhibits a predominantly favorable attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination, signifying widespread acceptance of vaccines within the country. Additionally, the study assesses public satisfaction with the government’s pandemic management, revealing an overall positive sentiment. Nonetheless, concerns emerge regarding essential needs, including food, shelter, and treatment. Enhancing our insight, this study sheds light on the intricate interplay between CRC, social media, and public behavior amidst a health crisis. The insights gleaned from this study provide valuable guidance for policymakers and public health practitioners to refine future communication strategies and address societal concerns effectively during pandemics.
CITATION (APA)
Siraj, S. A., & Noor, M. (2024). Crisis risk communication and public behavior: Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research, 8(2), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.30935/mjosbr/14435
REFERENCES
- Abid, K., Bari, Y. A., Younas, M., Javaid, S. T., & Imran, A. (2020). Progress of COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 32(4), 154-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259
- Akhtar, H., Afridi, M., Akhtar, S., Ahmad, H., Ali, S., Khalid, S., Awan, S. M., Jahangiri, S., & Khader, Y. S. (2021). Pakistan’s response to COVID-19: Overcoming national and international hypes to fight the pandemic. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(5), e28517. https://doi.org/10.2196/28517
- Ali, M., & Hossain, A. (2021). What is the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh? A cross-sectional rapid national survey. BMC Open, 11, e050303.
- Aziz, S., Imtiaz, A., & Saeed, R. (2022). Framing COVID-19 in Pakistani mainstream media: An analysis of newspaper editorials. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2043510. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2043510
- Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviors during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
- Callaghan, T., Moghtaderi, A., Lueck, J. A., Hotez, P. J., Strych, U., Dor, A., Fowler, E. F., & Motta, M. (2020, August 5). Correlates and Disparities of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3667971
- Cao, Q., Chen, Y.-C., Chen, C.-L., & Chiu, C.-H. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: Transmission dynamics and clinical characteristics. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(3), 670-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.009
- Chandani, S., Jani, D., Sahu, P. K., Kataria, U., Suryawanshi, S., Khubchandani, J., Thorat, S., Chitlange, S., & Sharma, D. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in India: State of the nation and priorities for research. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health, 18, 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100375
- Chiappelli, F. (2020). COVID-19 susceptibility. Bioinformation, 16(7), 501-504. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630016501
- Chowdhury, A. I. (2020). Role and effects of micronutrient supplementation in the micronutrient and SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19). Asian Journal, 4(2), 47-55.
- Christopher, R., de Tantillo, L., & Watson, J. (2020). Academic caring pedagogy, presence, and Communitas in nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing Outlook, 68(6), 822-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.006
- Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F. & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10, 16598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5
- Conner, M. (2020). Theory of planned behavior. In G. Tenenbaum, R. C. Eklund, & N. Boiangin (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology: Social perspectives, cognition, and applications (pp. 3-18). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch1
- Dohle, S., Wingen, T., & Schreiber, M. (2020). Acceptance and adoption of protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of trust in politics and trust in science. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(4), e4315. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4386
- Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
- Eyitayo, L., Emmanuel, A., Timilehin, M., Augustine, A., Ayomide, O., Jennifer, G., Olamide, O., & Oladimeji, O. (2022). Factors influencing compliance with facemask usage among University College Hospital (UCH) commuters. East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(7), 216. https://doi.org/10.36349/easms.2022.v05i07.005
- Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S17-S21. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000924
- Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during the COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
- Gautret, P., Lagier, J.-C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V. E., Dupont, H. T., Honore, S., Colson, P., Chabriere, E., La Scola, B., Rolain, J.-M., Broqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(1), 105949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
- Gavi Org. (2022). Responding to COVID-19. https://www.gavi.org/covid19
- Gozzi, N., Tizzani, M., Starnini, M., Ciulla, F., Paolotti, D., Panisson, A., & Perra, N. (2020). Collective response to media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic on Reddit and Wikipedia: Mixed-methods analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e21597. https://doi.org/10.2196/21597
- Heneghan, C., Brassey, J., & Jefferson, T. (2020). COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic? The Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/covid-19-what-proportion-are-asymptomatic/
- Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
- Junaidi, A. (2023). The pace. https://www.dawn.com/news/1632667
- Khattak, D., Khan, M., Usman, T., Ali, J., Wu, D.-X., Jahangir, M., Haleem, K., Muhammad, P., Rauf, M. A., Saddique, K., Khan, N. H., Li, T., Wu, D.-D., & Ji, X.-Y. (2021). Assessment of general populations knowledge, attitude, and perceptions toward the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A cross-sectional study from Pakistan. Frontiers in Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.747819
- Kopel, J., Perisetti, A., Roghani, A., Aziz, M., Gajendran, M., & Goyal, H. (2020). Racial and gender-based differences in COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00418
- Li, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Gao, T.-L., Duan, W., Tsoi, K.-K., & Wang, F.-Y. (2020). A case study on Weibo was used to characterize the propagation of situational information in social media during the COVID-19 epidemic. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 7(2), 556-562. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2020.2980007
- Li, R. (2020). Understanding epidemiologic risks for infectious disease control [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
- Mahmud, S., Mohsin, M., Khan, I. A., Mian, A. U., & Zaman, M. A. (2021). Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and perceived risk about COVID-19 vaccine and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0257096. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257096
- Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
- McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
- McCombs, M., & Stroud, N. J. (2014). Psychology of agenda-setting effects: Mapping the paths of information processing. Review of Communication Research, 2, 114-130.
- Medina-Jimenez, V., Bermudez-Rojas, M. d. l. L., Murillo-Bargas, H., Rivera-Camarillo, A. C., Muñoz-Acosta, J., & Ramirez-Abarca, T. G. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression and stress levels in pregnant women: A national survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35(23), 4438-4441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1851675
- Mouffak, S., Shubbar, Q., Saleh, E., & El-Awady, R. (2021). Recent advances in the management of COVID-19: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 143, 112107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112107
- Muhammad, S. Z., Shaikh, N., Asad, D., & Fatima, N. (2022). Challenges to mass immunization against COVID-19 in Pakistan: A lower-middle-income vaccine-hesitant country. Journal of Global Health, 12, 03006.
- Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socioeconomic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
- Noor, M. (2022). Role of social media in COVID-19: Evidence from Pakistan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Bahria University.
- Pakistan Health Department, 2020). COVID-19 Dashboard. http://covid.gov.pk/stats/Pakistan
- Peng, Y., Pei, C., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Zheng, Z., & Zhu, P. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice associated with COVID-19 among university students: A cross-sectional survey in China. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-21185/v1
- Rahman, H. S., Abdulateef, D. S., Hussen, N. H., Salih, A. F., Othman, H. H., Abdulla, T. M., Omer, S. H. S., Mohammad, T. H., Mohammad, M. O., Aziz, M. S., & Abdullah, R. (2021). Recent advancements on COVID-19: A comprehensive review. International Journal of General Medicine, 14, 10351-10372. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S339475
- Rajewska, A., Mikolajek-Bedner, W., Lebdowicz-Knul, J., Sokolowska, M., Kwaiatkowski, S., & Torbe, A. (2020). COVID-19 and pregnancy–Where are we now? A review. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 48(5), 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0132
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleon, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: A predictive model for depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797
- Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
- Ruiz, J. B., & Bell, R. A. (2021). Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 39(7), 1080-1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010
- Salih, A. F., Hamasalih, K., Rahman, H. S., & Mohammad, G. A. (2022). Pediatric COVID-19 infection in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 43(1), 103199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103199
- Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
- Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F. G., & Yaseen, A. (2022). High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines (Basel), 9(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010042
- Saqlain, M., Ahmed, A., Nabi, I., Gulzar, A., Naz, S., Munir, M. M., Ahmed, Z., & Kamran, S. (2021). Public knowledge and practices regarding coronavirus disease 2019: A cross-sectional survey from Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.629015
- Sharifipour, E., Shams, S., Esmkhani, M., Khodadadi, J., Fotouhi-Ardakani, R., Koohpaei, A., Doosti, Z., & Golzari, S. E. J. (2020). Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, 646. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05374-z
- Shi, Y., Yu, X., Zhao, H., Wang, H., Zhao, R., & Sheng, J. (2020). Host susceptibility to severe COVID-19 and establishing a host risk score: Findings of 487 cases outside Wuhan. Critical Care, 24, 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2833-7
- Shodiya, A., & Adekunle, T. A. (2022). Reliability of research instruments in management sciences research: An explanatory perspective. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology, 166.
- Siddiqi, A. W. (2024). COVID-19 in social media: The effect of fear appeal messages on Facebook on users’ perception of hygienic measures to prevent contracting the disease. Media Asia. https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2023.2299106
- Smith, L., Jacob, L., Yakkundi, A., McDermott, D., Armstrong, N. C., Barnett, Y., López-Sánchez, G. F., Martin, S., Butler, L., & Tully, M. A. (2020). Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: A cross-26 sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113138
- Statsenko, Y., Al Zahmi, F., Habuza, T., & Taleb, M. (2021). Impact of age and sex on COVID-19 severity assessed from radiologic and clinical findings. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Section: Clinical Microbiology, 11, 777070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.777070
- Su, L., Ma, X., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Bian, P., Han, Y., Sun, J., Liu, Y., Yang, C., Geng, J., Zhang, Z., & Gai, Z. (2020). The different clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease cases between children and their families in China–The character of children with COVID-19. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 707-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483
- Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global infectious disease outbreak. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
- Wenham, C., Smith, J., Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a). COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health, and our food systems. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people’s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2020b). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviors and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
- Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet, 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X